Wadi Alshatti University Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences
Wadi Alshatti University Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences (ISSN: 3006-0877) is a peer-reviewed, open-access academic journal dedicated to the dissemination of high-quality research in the fields of pure and applied sciences. Published biannually (two issues per year), the journal serves as a platform for researchers, scientists, and academics to share innovative findings and advancements in disciplines such as: Physical Sciences (Physics, Chemistry, Earth Sciences) Biological Sciences (Biology, Microbiology, Biochemistry) Mathematics & Statistics Environmental Sciences Computer Science & Information Technology Engineering & Technology (where applicable) Journal Mission The journal aims to promote scientific knowledge by publishing original research articles, reviews, and short communications that contribute to theoretical and practical developments in pure and applied sciences. It upholds rigorous peer-review standards to ensure the validity, significance, and originality of published work. Key Features Open Access: All articles are freely available to readers worldwide, ensuring broad dissemination of knowledge. Peer-Reviewed: Manuscripts undergo a double-blind review process by experts in the relevant fields. ISSN: Online ISSN 3006-0877 Frequency: Two issues per year (biannual). Indexing & Archiving: The journal is committed to being indexed in reputable databases to enhance visibility and impact. Article Processing Charge (Authors' Fees) This journal charges no authors' fees Article Submission Charge: 0.0 LD Article Processing Charge (APC): 0.0 LD WAUJPAS is run on a non-profit basis. Wadi Alshatti University covers 100% of the expenses of publishing Publisher The journal is published by Wadi Alshatti University, supporting the institution’s commitment to advancing scientific research and education in Libya and beyond. For inquiries, please contact the Editorial Office at [inf.wuj@wau.edu.ly].
This journal uses Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommerical 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/. Copyright of articles Authors retain copyright of their articles published in this journal.
Linear Detection in 28 GHz Massive MIMO Uplink Systems
Massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (Massive MIMO) systems represent a cornerstone for meeting the high-performance demands of 5G and beyond networks. This paper presents a comprehensive simulation framework that effectively couples electromagnetic physical characteristics with signal processing algorithms in the uplink transmission. A 16x16 planar antenna array comprising 256 elements was designed to operate at the 28 GHz millimeter-wave band, achieving a high array gain of 32.27 dB alongside precise beamforming capabilities. To evaluate system performance under realistic operating conditions, the spectral efficiency and Bit Error Rate (BER) of three prominent linear detectors—Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC), Zero Forcing (ZF), and Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE)—were analyzed in the presence of noise and imperfect Channel State Information (CSI). MATLAB numerical simulations demonstrate that the MMSE detector provides the optimal trade-off between performance and computational complexity, achieving a BER of 10^ {-4} at an SNR of 15{dB}. Conversely, the ZF detector exhibited severe performance degradation due to noise enhancement under channel estimation error conditions (sigma_e^2 = 0.01). These findings offer practical insights for selecting scalable detector architectures in future wireless networks.
Copyright (c) 2026 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Structural Performance of Castellated Steel Beams with Flange-Connected Ring Stiffeners and Inverted Stiffener Geometry
This paper aims to study the behavior of castellated beams with large openings (D/H = 0.7) with a constant offset of 10 mm. Different configurations, including ring stiffeners connected to the flanges and geometrically inverted ring stiffeners, were investigated. Nonlinear finite element models in ABAQUS were used to compare circular and hexagonal openings. The hexagonal openings with flange-connected showed an increase in the ultimate load by up to 6.12% and improved the ductility factor from 5.65 to 6.33. Connecting the ring stiffeners of the circular openings to the flanges slightly reduced the ultimate load by up to 1.67%, while the ductility factor decreased from 4.25 to 3.39. The inverted geometrical cases led to lower performance, especially when the hexagonal openings were strengthened with a circular stiffener, with a decrease of 11.36%. Ring stiffeners connected to the flanges of castellated beams with large hexagonal openings can be used to control the web post buckling.
Robust Biomechanical Classification of Humans, Gorillas, and Robots under Urban Multipath Fading using Micro-Doppler Radar
This paper presents a physically grounded framework for classifying humans, gorillas, and robots using a 35 GHz Ka-band continuous-wave radar under realistic urban multipath conditions. Urban deployments face severe signal distortion due to multipath fading; Micro-Doppler radar is a pivotal tool for non-contact biomechanical classification. A total of twenty features are obtained from both biomechanics and spectroscopy and selected using Neighbourhood Component Analysis (NCA). Stacking ensemble learning that employs Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, K-Nearest Neighbours, and MLP, as well as linear support vector machine for meta-classifier is evaluated in five-fold stratified cross-validation using 400 original samples, augmented to 1200 using MATLAB (R2023b) . The system achieves a state-of-the-art accuracy of 90.92% ± 2.03% (95% CI: [89.14%, 92.69%]) with F1-score of 90.88% ± 2.08% under harsh urban conditions (SNR = 15 dB, K-factor=7 dB). The error analysis reveals that the use of multipath-aware augmentation and supervised feature selection leads to a significant reduction of the spectral smearing phenomenon, resulting in reduced errors for classifying human from robot at an impressive 68%. The gorilla is the class that shows the highest inter-class separability, with 95.0% accuracy. The robustness analysis demonstrates consistent behaviour across various signal-to-noise ratio and K-factor combinations due to the stacking ensemble technique that eliminates any distribution shift within the feature space. Ka- and radar detection enhances the frequency resolution of the Micro-Doppler features, improving the inter-class separability while accounting for high-order scattering phenomena. This work provides a comprehensive baseline for Micro-Doppler human-robot classification in an urban environment and it is noted that this study relies on simulation-based validation; thus, real-world Ka-band radar data is required for final empirical verification.
Urban multipath fading; Stacking ensemble
Copyright (c) 2026 The authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Geochemical Approaches to Combating Desertification and Enhancing Sustainable Development in Libya
One of Libya's biggest environmental problems is desertification, which is caused by the country's arid and semi-arid climate, low rainfall, high temperatures and evaporation, drought, groundwater depletion, soil salinization, wind erosion, vegetation degradation, and unsustainable land-use practices. The potential of geochemical methods for comprehending, tracking, and preventing desertification as well as promoting sustainable development in Libya is assessed in this study. In order to examine climatic and environmental changes from 2000 to 2025 and their implications for future desertification, the study combines geochemical examination of soil and groundwater with satellite remote sensing and spatial analysis. Temperature, rainfall, and vegetation-cover variations were investigated using MODIS Terra land surface temperature (LST), NASA GPM IMERG precipitation, and Landsat data. With average July LST rising from roughly 29.6°C in 2000 to 34.3°C in 2025 and yearly rainfall falling from 98.6 to 55.2 mm, the results show a significant warming trend. Additionally, there is a general decrease in vegetation cover, especially in inland agricultural areas, oasis systems, and portions of mountainous and coastal regions. By 2050, almost 80% of Libya's geographical area might undergo high to intense desertification, according to a business-as-usual forecast. For evaluating soil fertility, salinity, nutrient availability, pollutant movement, groundwater quality, water–rock interactions, and seawater intrusion, geochemical techniques offer useful instruments. As a foundation for sustainable land and water management, the study highlights the combination of geochemistry, remote sensing, GIS, sophisticated analytical technologies, isotopic techniques, and data science.
Study of Natural Marble Specifications in Southern Libya
This study evaluates the chemical, physical, and mechanical specifications of natural ornamental stones from five quarry sites in the Wadi Alshatti / Zella region of southern Libya: Tarouth, Mahruqa Right, Mahruqa Left, Zella, and Al-Ghaylaniya, all locally marketed as "marble." Samples were characterized by X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) chemical analysis, bulk density and water absorption (ASTM C97), uniaxial compressive strength (ASTM C170), and sulfuric-acid (H2SO4) resistance, with three replicate specimens per site. Results show that Mahruqa Left exhibits the highest compressive strength (87.45 ± 0.77 MPa) and CaO content (87.8%), with low water absorption (0.31%) and a density of 2.68 g/cm3, consistent with a high-purity calcitic marble. Tarouth (CaO = 79.7%; 64.93 MPa) and Mahruqa Right (CaO = 75.9%; 64.00 MPa, currently inactive) classify as dolomitic and calcite-dolomite marbles, respectively. Chemical analysis reveals that the Zella stone is not true marble: its exceptionally high sulfate content (SO3 = 31.91%) identifies it as a calcite-sulfate onyx of evaporitic/hydrothermal origin rather than a metamorphic carbonate rock. Similarly, Al-Ghaylaniya, with MgO = 19.60%, the highest water absorption (8.78%) and the lowest compressive strength (34.30 MPa), is geologically a dolomitic travertine. These findings indicate that two of the five commercially traded "marble" sources are mineralogically distinct stone types, with direct implications for correct classification, pricing, and end-use selection in the Libyan dimension-stone industry.
The Impact of Fuel Type on the Economic, Environmental, and Energy Performance of Power Generation Plants: A Case Study of the Ubari Gas Power Plant-Libya
This study aims to analyze the effect of fuel type on the thermal, environmental, and economic performance of power generation plants. The Brighton cycle model, with ideal gas and stable operation assumptions, was used to evaluate turbine performance using crude oil, natural gas, diesel, and heavy fuel oil. The results showed that natural gas achieved the highest thermal efficiency (up to 35.7%), the lowest CO2 emissions, and the lowest energy production cost compared to the other fuel types. Crude oil and heavy fuel oil, on the other hand, exhibited the lowest thermal performance, highest emissions, and highest energy production cost. The study also revealed that specific fuel consumption increases with decreasing thermal efficiency. These findings highlight the importance of fuel type selection in improving plant efficiency and reducing environmental impact, making natural gas the optimal choice for gas turbine operation.
Assessing the Effectiveness of Ondansetron and Dexamethasone in Reducing Nausea and Vomiting during Caesarean Section under Spinal Anaesthesia: A Systematic Descriptive Review
Background: Elective cesarean sections are commonly treated with spinal anesthesia, which is the most commonly used analgesic method. Nausea and vomiting following cesarean section with spinal anesthesia are frequently reported concerns of patients. The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of medications in reducing nausea and vomiting in women who have undergone a cesarean section and spinal anesthesia. Methods: To conduct a systematic review, we searched the PubMed and Google Scholar databases for keywords such as nausea, vomiting, cesarean section, spinal anesthesia, ondansetron, and dexamethasone. The search for articles took place from 2014 to 2022. Results: Six studies were included, which consisted of five randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and one non-randomized clinical trial (NRCT). Similar drugs were used in these studies with different dosages to prevent nausea and vomiting following a cesarean section. The use of intravenous dexamethasone, intravenous ondansteron, and their combination was a part of the interventions. Conclusion: Dexamethasone's delayed effect on nausea and vomiting is not a concern, but given the findings, it could be a safe alternative to Ondansetron for postoperative nausea and vomiting prophylaxis. The preferred first-line agents seem to be Ondansetron, which is a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist. Using Ondansetron and dexamethasone together has been shown to help decrease nausea and vomiting during and after a cesarean delivery using spinal anesthesia.
Surra Infection in Imported Camels: The First Detection in Southern Libya
Camel trypanosomiasis is considered one of the most important veterinary health problems worldwide. A parasitological investigation was conducted for the diagnosis of trypanosomiasis using Giemsa-stained thin blood smears. A total of 130 blood samples were examined, of which 115 samples (88.4%) were negative, while 15 samples (11.5%) were positive for Trypanosoma spp. This study represents the first documented record of camel trypanosomiasis in southern Libya. An epidemiological survey was carried out in March 2023 to estimate the prevalence of Trypanosoma spp. infection among imported dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Sebha City, southern Libya. To date, no published studies have reported trypanosomosis in this region. The results showed a higher prevalence of infection in male camels (6.9%) compared with females (4.6%). In addition, the infection rate was greater among male and female camels older than 10 years than among younger age groups. Microscopic examination of thin blood smears confirmed the presence of Trypanosoma infections regardless of age or sex. The findings of the present study indicate that trypanosomiasis is common in the investigated area. Considering these results, the potential health risks and associated diseases affecting camels warrant further attention and implementation of appropriate control measures.
Feature-Selected Machine Learning for 5G Intrusion Detection: Leakage-Aware Evaluation and Sensitivity to Sequence Metadata in 5G-NIDD
Fifth-generation networks present a multifaceted and software-centric attack surface, thereby necessitating a systematic approach to reproducible intrusion-detection evaluation through traffic data gathered from authentic 5G environments. This investigation examines binary intrusion detection utilizing the comprehensive 5G-NIDD Combined.csv dataset acquired from its official IEEE DataPort distribution, adhering to a standardized leakage-aware methodology. The original dataset comprised 1,215,890 records and 52 columns. Following the elimination of 21 exact duplicate entries, 1,215,869 observations were retained. A stratified 70:30 partition was executed at the record level prior to preprocessing, with all data-dependent procedures being exclusively calibrated on the pertinent training dataset. The application of zero-variance filtering, Pearson-correlation reduction, and ANOVA F-test ranking condensed the 46 usable predictors into a consistent Top-10 representation. Random Forest, XGBoost, and a scalable random Fourier feature support-vector machine (RFF-SVM) approximation of an RBF-kernel classifier were assessed employing an untouched holdout partition in conjunction with five-fold stratified cross-validation, incorporating fold-specific preprocessing and feature selection. XGBoost and Random Forest attained Top-10 holdout accuracies of 99.9748% and 99.9745%, respectively, with no statistically significant disparity between their paired errors subsequent to Holm correction. The full, correlation-reduced, and Top-10 representations yielded virtually identical outcomes for both ensemble models, suggesting that the compact feature set maintained rather than enhanced random-split performance. Nevertheless, Seq and Offset emerged as the two highest-ranked predictors. The exclusion of these predictors resulted in a decline in holdout accuracy to 71.18% forXGBoost, 71.16% for Random Forest, and 73.09% for RFF-SVM, with a similar trend noted during cross-validation. These results illustrate that nearly flawless record-level outcomes are heavily contingent upon acquisition-order metadata and should not be construed as indicative of cross-session or cross-environment generalization. Prior to operational implementation, session-aware, base-station-aware, and external validation are imperative.
Association of Vitamin D Levels with Asthma Control among Pediatric Patients in Wadi Al-Shatti, Libya
Background: Asthma is the most common chronic inflammatory respiratory diseas in children. It has significant impact on morbidity and reduced quality of life worldwide. While recent research has highlighted the potential of vitamin D as an immunomodulator in asthma pathophysiology and control, the evidence remains controversial. Furthermore, data regarding this relationship in North African populations, particularly in Libya, are notably limited. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between vitamin D status and asthma control among asthmatic children and adolescents in Wadi Al-Shatti region, southern Libya. It further sought to assess serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels and their associated factors, as well as exploring the correlation of the targeted cases with immunological responses and key biochemical indicators. Methods: A total of 50 children aged 1–15 years were enrolled in this observational study. Participants were identified and recruited from Brack General Hospital and Qaqam General Hospital. Data collection was performed in two intervals: January–March 2023 and December 2023–March 2024. Asthma control was assessed according to the GINA guidelines and the Childhood Asthma Control Test (C-ACT). Laboratory investigations included serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, total immunoglobulin E, calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, and complete blood count. Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05 using SPSS version 26. Results: Among the 50 participating children, the majority of participants were males (64%), compared to female (36%), of whom 80% presented with uncontrolled asthma. Vitamin D deficiency was highly prevalent, with the majority of targeted individuals exhibiting serum levels below 20 ng/ml. A significant correlation was found between vitamin D levels and asthma control, with lower levels more frequently identified in children with uncontrolled disease. Furthermore, significant associations were identified between vitamin D levels and serum IgE concentrations, as well as serum phosphorus levels. Additionally, red blood cell counts showed a significant association with vitamin D status, whereas calcium and alkaline phosphatase levels remained non-significant. Conclusion: Children with poor asthma control have a high incidence of vitamin D deficiency. These findings suggest that vitamin D status may represent an important modifiable factor influencing asthma outcomes in paediatric populations.
Study of Iron Deficiency Anemia Among Lactating Women in Mahrouka Ashatti Region- Southern Libya
Iron deficiency anemia in women is one of the most common nutritional problems, that is more prevalent in adolescents, pregnant and lactating (breastfeeding) women. To determine the prevalence of anemia, iron deficiency anemia and some of its causes in a group of lactating women who attending at health care centers in Mahrouka Al shatti region- southern Libya, EDTA blood samples were collected from 57 lactating women aged 19- 42 years in 15 Aug. to 20 Sep. 2018, for complete blood count and serum iron, Total Iron Binding Capacity for anemic women(Hb< 12gr/ dl). Thirty four lactating women (59.65%) were anemic, 26 (76.47%) had mild anemia, 7(20.59%) had moderate anemia and 1(2.94%) had severe anemia and 52.94%(18) were iron deficiency anemia. There were differences showed in hemoglobin values, with no correlations between Hb and women age, and between Hb and period of lactation. IDA and anemia were more prevalent in the lactating women and its relation to menstruation distributions, iron loss, breastfeeding and stress.
Copyright (c) 2026 The author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Comparison of Water Sorption and Solubility of CAD/CAM Milled PMMA, 3D-Printed PMMA, and 3D-Printed Resin Dental Polymers
The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the water sorption and solubility of three dental restorative polymers—CAD/CAM milled PMMA, 3D-printed PMMA, and 3D-printed resin—after aging for different time intervals. For this purpose, thirty specimens (n = 10/group) were fabricated from CAD/CAM milled PMMA (PMMA DISC), 3D-printed PMMA (Temporary Crown), and 3D-printed resin (SDC Resin). Specimens were dried in a ventilated oven at 45 °C for 24 hours, and then immersed in purified water at 23 ±1°C. The masses were measured after 7, 14, and 30 days. Water sorption (Wsp) and solubility (Wsl) were calculated in µg/mm³. Assumptions of normality, variance homogeneity, and sphericity were tested. Sorption was analyzed via two-way repeated measures ANOVA with Games-Howell post-hoc; solubility, which violated normality, via Kruskal-Wallis with Dunn's post-hoc (α = 0.05). The achieved results showed that water sorption increased significantly with immersion time in all materials (p < 0.001). 3D-Resin demonstrated the highest sorption values, followed by 3D-PMMA, while Milled-PMMA exhibited the lowest values at all time intervals. At 30 days, mean sorption values were 16.77 ± 0.58 µg/mm³ (Milled-PMMA), 34.18 ± 3.68 µg/mm³ (3D-PMMA), and 47.68 ± 2.07 µg/mm³ (3D-Resin). Water solubility differed significantly among the tested materials (p < 0.001), with 3D-PMMA showing the highest solubility (5.39 ± 4.10 µg/mm³), followed by 3D-Resin (3.12 ± 1.63 µg/mm³), while Milled-PMMA exhibited negative values (−0.40 ± 0.26 µg/mm³). Consequently, it was concluded that material composition and immersion duration have a significant influence on water sorption and solubility of dental polymers. CAD/CAM milled PMMA exhibited higher hydrolytic stability, whereas 3D-printed resins demonstrated higher sorption and solubility, which makes them more susceptible to hydrolytic degradation. Clinically the materials selection for digitally fabricated restorations is critical, as the increased water sorption and solubility in 3D-printed resins may affect long-term clinical performance.
A Hybrid Steady-State Mathematical Model for a Brine-Recycle Multistage Flash Desalination System
A steady-state mathematical model for a brine-recycle multistage flash (MSF-BR) desalination system is developed for performance prediction and analysis. The proposed formulation combines the computational simplicity of section-wise steady-state models with selected rigorous thermodynamic features while avoiding the complexity of detailed stage-by stage formulations. The governing model consists of coupled mass, salt, and energy balance equations combined with heat-transfer relations for the recovery section, rejection section, brine heater, and mixing units. The resulting nonlinear algebraic equations are linearized using a modified tridiagonal model (TDM)-based approach and solved iteratively within a FORTRAN computational framework. The model is validated using published benchmark data for a 5 MGD brine-recycle MSF desalination plant reported by Rosso et al. Predicted temperatures, flow rates, salinities, heat-transfer coefficients, distillate production, and gain output ratio (GOR) show good agreement with the reference results, with deviations generally within acceptable engineering limits. The model also reproduces the effects of steam and seawater temperatures on plant performance. While deviations in distillate production and gain output ratio increase at elevated steam temperatures, the agreement remains satisfactory within the practical operating range of MSF desalination plants. The results demonstrate that the proposed model provides reliable steady-state predictions with moderate computational effort. Owing to its balance between physical realism and numerical simplicity, the model represents a practical tool for simulation, parametric analysis, and preliminary optimization of large-scale MSF desalination systems.
Does the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis Hold in Libya? An Extended Econometric Analysis of Economic Growth and CO₂ Emissions
This study examines the validity of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis in the Libyan economy by analyzing the dynamic relationship between economic growth and CO₂ emissions over the period 1980–2024, within a broader sustainable development framework. The study employs both the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model and its nonlinear extension (Nonlinear ARDL - NARDL), allowing for the estimation of short-run and long-run relationships, as well as testing for cointegration using the Bounds Test. In addition, the model captures potential asymmetric effects of economic growth on environmental degradation. The results indicate the existence of a long-run equilibrium relationship among the variables, with evidence supporting the nonlinear form of the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis. However, the estimated turning point exceeds the current income level, suggesting that Libya remains at a stage where economic growth is associated with increasing environmental degradation. Energy consumption is found to be the main driver of CO₂ emissions, while trade openness and urbanization are statistically insignificant. Moreover, no significant asymmetric effects are detected between positive and negative changes in economic growth. These findings highlight the importance of integrated economic and environmental policies aimed at improving energy efficiency and promoting a transition toward cleaner energy sources.
Design and Analysis of an off-Grid PV/Wind/Battery/Diesel Generator Hybrid Renewable Power System for a Healthcare Facility in Gharyan, Libya
This paper studies the efficiency of the proposed grid-tied hybrid renewable energy generation system at a large hospital in Gharyan, Libya. As mentioned earlier, the combination of the Eocycle EO20 wind turbine system with the proposed system involves a solar PV system of 50 kWp. Here, the batteries serve as the energy storage element, while the diesel engine serves as the backup energy source in the event of breakdowns. The energy generated from the sunlight is 94,091 kWh/yr, while that obtained from turbines equals 131,203 kWh/yr. Speaking of economic aspects, it can be stated that the proposed system is highly efficient, which is proved by its low LCOE 0.47$/kWh) and NPC (5,061$/year). Concerning the ecological aspects, the reduction in CO₂ emissions amounts to 83,393 kg/yr = 83.4 tons/year and Avoided Carbon Cost 478 $/year. More precisely, all these emissions come from buying electricity, since no diesel engines were used in the entire process.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmed Aisa, Sakhar Alharari, Ezzeddin Elarb, Yasser Nassar, Halla El-Khozondar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effect of Heat on the Stability and Degradation of Vitamin C: A Thermodynamic and Kinetic Study
Vitamin C is an important antioxidant used extensively in pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries for its vital biological functions. But it is extremely prone to heat, light and oxygen–resulting in quick degradation and loss of efficacy throughout processing and storage. In this study, the thermal degradation, kinetic and thermodynamic stability analysis of vitamin C at different temperature in aqueous solutions were evaluated by UV–VIS spectrophotometry. The feasibility was investigated for vitamin C solutions at concentrations of 0.8% and 0.6% (w/v), with temperatures from 25 to 45 °C, over a time span of 5 to 25 minutes. The λmax was at 285 nm, with a decreasing absorbance as the temperature and exposure time increased indicated an increment of thermal degradation. The degradation process was characterized by first-order kinetic at all temperatures studied. According to results, the activation energy values were determined as 84.35 and 94.05 kJ mol⁻¹ for solutions of 0.8% and 0.6%, respectively, which highlighted a strong temperature effect on the degradation rate. Thermodynamic parameters showed positive values for enthalpy and entropy, suggesting that the degradation process is endothermic (ΔH > 0) and favors disorder in their molecular surroundings. Moreover, Gibbs free energy decreased with increasing temperature that the degradation process was increasingly spontaneous at higher temperatures. Overall, the findings offer useful practical insights towards optimizing storage conditions, improving thermal processing methods and possibly designing packaging systems to enhance stability and shelf life of products containing vitamin C for industrial purposes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hajir Awadh, Nuri Abduali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Optimization Study of Converting the Derna Steam Power Plant to a Combined Gas/Steam Cycle
Research efforts have switched to increasing the efficiency of systems that convert thermal energy into mechanical labor due to the rise in the cost of oil and fuel gas over the past 20 years and the risks of environmental contamination.. Combined gas/steam power plants (CGSPP) are becoming more widespread due to their excellent thermal efficiency, higher capacity, and low environmental impact. The current research focuses on the theoretical analysis of CGSPP, which uses a single-pressure heat recovery boiler without supplemental fire. A computer program for the studied combined cycle based on the burning of 1 kmoles of natural gas in the combustor of the gas turbine is built utilizing the conservation equations for mass and energy, as well as combustion calculations. Each component of the combined cycle is assigned a unique subprogram using Engineering Equation Solver (EES). The results reveal that the combined cycle's maximum efficiency may be obtained at around 47.24 ⸓ as long as the boiler pressure remains constant. Since improved combined-cycle efficiency is the goal, modest compressor pressure ratios must be used. At a high compressor pressure ratio, the boiler pressure must be reduced to maintain a positive temperature differential at the pinch point. To minimize a loss in combined cycle efficiency at high compressor pressure ratios, we propose using a dual-pressure boiler.
The Effect of Adding Different Levels of Agricultural Sulfur and Fermented Sheep Residues on Readiness (N, P, K) in Soil and Their Concentration in Wheat Grains (Triticum aestivum L.) (Variety- Sham 6)
In the laboratories at Euphrates University- Faculty of Agriculture a pot experiment was conducted during the agricultural season (15/11/2023). The aim was to study the effect of varying levels of agricultural sulfur and fermented sheep manures on their readiness in soil and uptake (N, P, K) by field wheat plant (Triticum aestivum L.) (var-Sham 6) Agricultural sulfur (S95%) was applied at four levels (0,500, 1000 and 2000) kg S/ha and three levels of fermented. sheep manures bio-fertilizer (0, 10 and 20) tons/ha were applied: The highest readiness values of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulfur were achieved at the (2000) kg S/ha (S3) level of addition, the readiness of the element reached (14.79) mg/kg soil for nitrogen, (14.73) mg/kg soil for phosphorus, (273.14) mg/kg soil for potassium and (2273.01) mg/kg soil for sulfur.The amendment rate (20) tons/ha (M2) produced the highest available soil test values with (14.18) mg/kg soil N, (10.13) mg/g P and (271.50) mg/kg K and (1834.0) mg/kg sulfate in soil .Application of agricultural sulfur and fermented sheep waste at the highest levels resulted in a marked increase in nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulfur concentrations in wheat grain seeds (variety- Sham 6), which were (2.810, 0.480, 0.275 and 0.393) % respectively. The interaction of the two factors (S3M2) produced the highest level of soil test availability (N-P-K-S), and the highest grain concentration of the same elements in wheat plants..The applying of treatment (S3M2) is of great importance in arid soil conditions in Syria and similar.
Phosphorus Dynamics and Their Relationship with Soil Properties in Soils of Tasawa Agricultural Project, Fazzan-Libya
This study evaluates the influence of soil physicochemical properties on the distribution and dynamics of total phosphorus (TP) and available phosphorus (AP) in cultivated and uncultivated soils of the Tasawa agricultural project. Soil samples were collected from five cultivated circuits and three reference sites and analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter (OM), cation exchange capacity (CEC), soil texture, TP, and AP using standardized laboratory methods. Both cultivated and uncultivated soils exhibited slightly alkaline pH values (7.72–7.86), which provided a basis for interpreting other soil characteristics. EC was elevated in cultivated soils (234.44–311.15 mS/m) compared to reference soils (213.22 mS/m), suggesting increased ionic content associated with agricultural activity. OM content was also higher in cultivated soils (1.97–2.54%) than in reference soils (1.90%). CEC values were marginally lower in cultivated soils (18.35–20.60 meq/100 g) relative to the reference (21.39 meq/100 g). The soils were predominantly sandy (>82%), resulting in low nutrient retention and influencing phosphorus distribution. TP concentrations were higher in cultivated soils (36.99–96.00 mg/kg) than in reference soils (29.54 mg/kg). AP levels remained consistently low (1.95–4.49 mg/kg) across all samples, indicating substantial phosphorus fixation. Multivariate statistical analysis revealed significant positive correlations between OM and TP, sand and AP, and pH and AP. Principal component analysis (PCA) accounted for 72.93% of the total variance, identifying four principal components: soil texture, organic matter, mineral composition, and ionic environment. Cluster analysis confirmed the strong association between OM and TP, and emphasized the roles of soil texture and pH in determining phosphorus availability. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated significant differences (p < 0.05) among soil properties and phosphorus forms, whereas EC did not differ significantly. In summary, phosphorus behaviour in these soils is governed by the interactions among soil texture, pH, and organic matter. These results highlight the complexity of phosphorus dynamics in sandy arid soils.
Evaluation of the Inhibitory Activity of Aqueous and Alcoholic Extracts of Onion (Allium cepa L.) Scale Leaves Against Some Fungi Belonging to the Genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Mucor in Tripoli Markets, Libya
This study aimed to isolate and identify the fungal species responsible for the spoilage of onion bulbs (Allium cepa L.) and to evaluate the inhibitory potential of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of onion scale leaves as biological alternatives for fungal control. A total of 40 onion samples (20 red and 20 yellow) were collected from local markets in Tripoli, Libya, during the 2024-2025 period. Three scale leaf layers from each bulb were examined, and fungi were isolated on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA).The results revealed significant fungal diversity and variation in the number of isolates between the two onion types; yellow onions recorded 72 isolates compared to 47 isolates for red onions. The identified genera included Aspergillus, Mucor, and Penicillium, with Aspergillus being the most dominant, exceeding a 60% frequency rate. Statistical analysis using the Mann-Whitney U test confirmed significant differences (P-value < 0.05) in fungal distribution, proving greater susceptibility in yellow onions. Inhibitory Activity, Antifungal efficacy tests at concentrations of 3, 5, and 7 mg/mL showed that the alcoholic extract of red onion was superior against Aspergillus spp., achieving a 92.47% inhibition rate. Meanwhile, the alcoholic extract of yellow onion recorded the highest inhibition against Penicillium spp. at 77.13%. Conclusion, the study confirms the higher efficiency of alcoholic extracts compared to aqueous ones in extracting active compounds such as phenols and anthocyanins. These findings suggest promising prospects for using these extracts in post-harvest crop protection to reduce economic losses and improve the quality and safety of onion crops in the Libyan local markets.
Association of Bottle-Feeding and Maternal Behaviors with Early Childhood Caries among Preschool Children in Brack Al-Shatti, Libya: A Cross-Sectional Study
Early Childhood Caries (ECC) is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases among children worldwide. Its development is strongly associated with early-life behavioral and feeding practices, particularly bottle-feeding habits and maternal behaviors, which play a critical role in the initiation and progression of dental caries. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of (ECC) and examine its association with bottle-feeding practices and maternal behaviors among children in Brack Al-Shatti, Libya. A cross-sectional study was conducted between October and December 2025 involving 224 mother-child pairs. Data were collected using a structured, pre-tested questionnaire assessing Baseline Characteristics of the Study Populations, infant feeding practices, and oral hygiene behaviors. Early childhood caries was assessed through visual oral examination conducted by trained personnel. Associations were evaluated using Chi-square tests and multivariable logistic regression analysis, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. The overall prevalence of ECC was 55.4%. Bivariate analysis revealed significant associations with adding sugar/honey to formula (p = 0.002), maternal pre-tasting (p = 0.002), nocturnal bottle-feeding (p = 0.004), and pacifier use (p = 0.020). Multivariable analysis identified adding sugar/honey to formula as the strongest independent risk factor (AOR = 3.63; 95% CI: 1.42–9.27; p = 0.007), followed by maternal pre-tasting (AOR = 2.05; p = 0.025) and nocturnal bottle-feeding (AOR = 2.05; p = 0.048). Protective factors included cleaning bottles before use (AOR = 0.41; p = 0.006) and cleaning the child's mouth after feeding (AOR = 0.34; p = 0.001). (ECC) is highly prevalent among children in Brack Al-Shatti and is significantly associated with modifiable maternal feeding behaviors. Preventive strategies should prioritize parental education on hygienic bottle-feeding practices, avoiding the addition of sugar to infant formula, and establishing early oral hygiene habits.
Evaluation of the Physical and Thermal Properties of Normal and Modified Black Raisins
The physical and thermal properties of black raisins within different moisture contents are important parameters during food processing. Some of the physical properties, namely moisture content, length, width, thickness, geometric mean diameter, sphericity, surface area, cross-sectional area, bulk density, true density, porosity, and the thermal properties, included thermal diffusivity, thermal conductivity, and specific heat, were determined at different percentages of total moisture (11.79% and 25.00% for black raisins). These physical and thermal properties are essential in determining the extent of compliance of raisin samples available in the Libyan market with the standard specifications for raisins. The results showed that there was a variation and significant differences in some physical properties of raisins when their moisture was modified. The results also showed a change in the values ​​of total and apparent density, porosity, and also the specific heat changed for black raisins were 3431.62 to 4070.72 j/kg.K) at different moisture levels. It is recommended studying the physical and thermal properties of raisin samples in different regions of the Libyan market.
Influence of Cathodic Polarization on Passive Film and Corrosion Behavior of 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel in 0.9% wt. NaCl
The influence of cathodic polarization on the electrochemical behavior of the passive film of stainless steels in physiological environments is significant. In such environments, hydrogen interactions and electrochemical modifications of this passive layer can directly affect the corrosion resistance and durability of these alloys. Although cathodic polarization has been widely studied regarding its effects on hydrogen embrittlement and stress corrosion cracking in 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel, the impact of such conditions on the electrical properties of the passive layer in physiological environments is inadequately researched. In this research the effects of cathodic polarization on the behavior of the passive film of 2205 duplex stainless steel in a 0.9% wt. NaCl solution were investigated. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and Mott-Schottky analysis were used to study passive film stability, semiconductor properties, and corrosion resistance. Results revealed that cathodic polarization introduced hydrogen into the passive film, decreasing the flat band potential to –0.08 V vs. Ag/AgCl, as well as increasing the donor density to 3.6x1020 cm-3. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy suggested that the charge transfer resistance decreased, which is in good agreement with the passivity decay suggested by Mott-Schottky analysis. However, film thickness (1.9 nm) did not change, suggesting an electronic rather than structural changes in the passive film due to cathodic polarization. These findings highlighted the importance of understanding the trade-off between corrosion mitigation and hydrogen-induced film damage that might result from improper cathodic polarization practices.
Efficiency of Protein Extraction and Characterization from Selected Plant Sources in Misrata and their Applications in the Food Industry
Proteins are a fundamental pillar for achieving sustainable food security and can serve as a biological alternative to animal proteins. This study aims to evaluate and compare the efficiency of protein extraction and characterization methods from four plant sources: sesame seeds (Sesamum indicum L.) and peas (Pasium sativum), sider fruits (Ziziphus lotus), and oats grain (Avena sativa). The methodology employed alkaline and aqueous extraction techniques, followed by precipitation at the isoelectric point (IEP) using precipitating agents such as ammonium sulfate, trichloroacetic acid (TCA), and acetone. Analyses were conducted at the laboratories of the Faculty of Natural Environmental and Natural resource, University of Misurata, between 2022 and 2024. Methods were evaluated based on purity and yield criteria. Results indicated that alkaline extraction at pH 10-12 was the most efficient, with sesame seeds achieving the highest purity and yield, where the yield of the isolated protein ranged from 72-73 mg/g (wet weight). Furthermore, precipitation using TCA and acetone yielded higher protein productivity compared to ammonium sulfate (p<0.05). The study concludes that the efficiency of extraction and the functional properties of the protein isolate are closely linked to the plant source and extraction conditions, which enhances the potential for integrating these proteins into broad industrial and food applications.
A Comparison of Machine Learning Models for Stroke Risk Prediction
Stroke is a major cause of death and permanent disability globally. Effective preventive measures depend on early stroke risk prediction. This, study investigates a form of machine learning classifiers for predicting the risk of stroke and evaluates their performance in comparison to more conventional models, including Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Logistic Regression (LR), Decision Trees (DT), Support Vector Machines (SVM), Naive Bayes (NB), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), AdaBoost, Gradient Boosting, and Genetic Programming (GP). A public dataset from DataHack comprising 4981 participants was used, with class imbalance addressed by using Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Techniques (SMOTE). The dataset was split into a training set with 80% and a testing set with 20%. According to the experimental results, all the proposed approaches performed well in all the presented categories. Moreover, the GP approach achieved the highest results among the proposed approaches, reaching 95.6% accuracy, a significant improvement over the 90% state-of-the-art accuracy. The GP approach delivers prediction accuracy by creating symbolic expressions that illustrate correlations between the probability of stroke and risk factors. This study highlights the potential of machine learning approaches in predictive healthcare applications while also emphasizing the need for improvements through hybrid approaches, parameter modifications, and practical medical integration.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mona Aljero https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Role of Non-Profit Organizations in Promoting Environmental Awareness in the Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar Region: A Case Study of Al Bayda City
The Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar region is characterized by unique natural components and a sensitive environment that necessitates concerted efforts to preserve it and protect it from increasing environmental problems and challenges. Hence, the role of non-profit organizations emerges as a partner in developing environmental awareness in the community. This study aims to measure the level of environmental awareness among the residents of the Al-Jabal Al- khdar region, assess the extent of non-profit organizations' contribution to spreading and developing this awareness, identify the most prominent challenges they face, and analyze prevailing environmental values and attitudes. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach and a quantitative approach through a questionnaire distributed to a random sample of (385) individuals. The results showed that the level of environmental awareness was moderate, tending towards low (1.81), while environmental values and attitudes recorded a high level (3.60). This indicates a gap between perception, awareness, and environmental behavior, meaning a theoretical value-based awareness that is not sufficiently reflected in the practical practices of community members. The study also revealed a severe deficiency in the role and effectiveness of environmental organizations, which was at a moderate level (1.95), with a statistically significant positive correlation between their role and the level of awareness (R=0.241). However, this impact remains limited; this was attributed to weak outreach, lack of funding, institutional support, and community participation. Statistical analyses also confirmed a weak correlation between the demographic characteristics of the respondents and their level of environmental awareness. The study concluded with key recommendations, including: enhancing the practical role of organizations and expanding the scope of their activities, providing financial support, and developing awareness activities by integrating environmental education into educational systems, establishing partnerships with educational institutions in universities, academies, and higher institutes to develop a joint research environment addressing environmental studies, and submitting annual reports to the community and decision-makers, as well as investing social media platforms in digital awareness campaigns, and moving towards practical programs aimed at changing individuals' environmental behavior.
Copyright (c) 2025 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Facile Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and its Enhancement in Some Cotton Fabric Properties
An eco-friendly and facile method has been used for the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles from Ficus carica (Fig) extract. The aqueous extract of (Fig leaves) was used as a reducing and capping agent in the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles. The characterization using XRD, SEM, FTIR confirms the preparation of zinc oxide nanoparticles, ZnO NPs. The average particle size of the prepared ZnO nanoparticle was approximately 36.58 nm calculated from the XRD data. The prepared zinc oxide nanoparticles showed a spherical agglomerated porous nanostructure according to the SEM images. Further, cotton lawn fabrics were coated with zinc oxide nanoparticles via a simple technique using less chemicals, the coated cotton outperforms uncoated cotton in terms of thermal stability and abrasion resistance.
The Effect of Certain Fertilization Practices and Some Climatic Factors on Selected Morphological and Yield Traits of Barley (Hordeum Vulgare L) Under Rainfed Condition
This study was conducted at the Salamiya Research Station – Hama Research Center during the 2021/2022 growing seasons to investigate the effects of different fertilization treatments—mineral fertilization using ammonium nitrate (33%), organic fertilization using fermented manure, and bio-fertilization using vetch seeds and some climatic factors on certain morphological and yield- elated traits of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). The experiment was carried out using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replicates. The results indicated a significant superiority of the organic fertilization treatment (fermented manure) across both growing seasons in the studied traits. The average number of grains per spike reached 42 in the first season and 27 in the second. A similar trend was observed for grain weight per spike in the second season, with an average of 0.57 g. In contrast, the highest value in the first season for grain weight per spike was recorded under bio-fertilization (2.80g). A significant difference was observed in the 1000-grain weight under bio-fertilization in both seasons, reaching 41.2 g in the first season and 21.9 g in the second. However, mineral fertilization showed the highest value for plant height in the first season, with an average of 77.1 cm. Regarding grain weight per spike, bio-fertilization recorded the highest values in the first season (2.8 g), and also maintained the highest average in the second season (0.57 g). In terms of total weight, the highest value in the first season was recorded under the mineral fertilization treatmen (687g), in the second growing season, however, the highest value was observed under the biofertilization treatment, with an average of (387g). In contrast, the control treatment showed the lowest significant values across all studied traits number of grains per spike, 1000-grain weight, plant height, total tiller number, grain weight per spike, and straw weight—during both growing seasons. It clearly showed the significant negative effect of the rise of micro and macro temperatures in the second growing season on the studied traits as compared to the first growing season.
Strategic Integration of Industry 4.0 and Iot for Enhancing Operational Performance and Sustainable Competitiveness in SMEs
The rapid emergence of Industry 4.0 (IR 4.0) has significantly transformed operations management by enabling the integration of Internet of Things (IoT), data analytics, and intelligent automation. While large organizations have successfully leveraged these technologies to enhance operational efficiency and competitiveness, Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) continue to face challenges in translating digital adoption into measurable performance outcomes. This study critically examines the role of IoT in improving operational performance and sustainable competitiveness within SMEs. Drawing on operations strategy, business ecosystem theory, and technology adoption models, this report evaluates how IoT-driven systems enhance process efficiency, decision-making, and resource optimization. The findings indicate that while IoT technologies contribute to cost reduction, flexibility, and real-time operational control, their effectiveness is highly dependent on strategic alignment, organizational readiness, and governance mechanisms. Furthermore, the study highlights that digital transformation supports sustainability objectives, particularly SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure) and SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production), although it may also introduce new environmental and ethical challenges. Based on a critical and comparative analysis of real-world applications, including global firms and SMEs, this study proposes an integrated strategic framework that aligns operations strategy, digital technologies, sustainability, and governance. The report concludes with practical recommendations to guide SMEs in adopting Industry 4.0 technologies effectively while ensuring long-term operational excellence and responsible innovation.
Optimizing Project Management Practices in Healthcare Construction: An Evaluative Case Study of Zliten Central Hospital
The study aimed to evaluate project management practices and applications in executing health sector projects, specifically focusing on the maintenance and development project of Zliten Central Hospital as a case study. The research addresses a central problem: despite the significant evolution in mechanisms and techniques used by construction companies and consultancy firms to manage project execution, weaknesses in professional performance may still emerge. This deficiency is often associated with improper planning and a lack of precise understanding of engineering planning, leading to a loss of control over the essential components of project management. The study reached several key findings, most notably: The project management in the case study does not fully recognize the importance of applying engineering methods in project planning and management, which resulted in poor resource allocation, particularly time management. The findings indicate that implementing engineering management techniques leads to a reduction in project duration, as evidenced by the project time being shortened to 18 months instead of 22 months. Furthermore, the application of engineering management methods enhances project cost control through techniques such as Earned Value Management (EVM). The use of these methods shortens completion time without compromising cost or quality. Additionally, the network analysis technique contributed to defining project activities and reducing execution time, while the results highlighted that the Critical Path Method (CPM) remains one of the most successful tools for determining the overall project duration.