Wadi Alshatti University Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences
Wadi Alshatti University Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences (ISSN: 3006-0877) is a peer-reviewed, open-access academic journal dedicated to the dissemination of high-quality research in the fields of pure and applied sciences. Published biannually (two issues per year), the journal serves as a platform for researchers, scientists, and academics to share innovative findings and advancements in disciplines such as: Physical Sciences (Physics, Chemistry, Earth Sciences) Biological Sciences (Biology, Microbiology, Biochemistry) Mathematics & Statistics Environmental Sciences Computer Science & Information Technology Engineering & Technology (where applicable) Journal Mission The journal aims to promote scientific knowledge by publishing original research articles, reviews, and short communications that contribute to theoretical and practical developments in pure and applied sciences. It upholds rigorous peer-review standards to ensure the validity, significance, and originality of published work. Key Features Open Access: All articles are freely available to readers worldwide, ensuring broad dissemination of knowledge. Peer-Reviewed: Manuscripts undergo a double-blind review process by experts in the relevant fields. ISSN: Online ISSN 3006-0877 Frequency: Two issues per year (biannual). Indexing & Archiving: The journal is committed to being indexed in reputable databases to enhance visibility and impact. Article Processing Charge (Authors' Fees) This journal charges no authors' fees Article Submission Charge: 0.0 LD Article Processing Charge (APC): 0.0 LD WAUJPAS is run on a non-profit basis. Wadi Alshatti University covers 100% of the expenses of publishing Publisher The journal is published by Wadi Alshatti University, supporting the institution’s commitment to advancing scientific research and education in Libya and beyond. For inquiries, please contact the Editorial Office at [inf.wuj@wau.edu.ly].
This journal uses Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommerical 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/. Copyright of articles Authors retain copyright of their articles published in this journal.
Determination of Clinical Characteristics and Complications of COVID-19 Patients Isolated at Brack General Hospital: A Descriptive Analytical Study
The COVID-19 pandemic has posed unprecedented challenges to global health systems, exposing critical gaps in regional preparedness and clinical understanding. In Libya, where reliable clinical data remain scarce, this descriptive-analytical study aimed to explore the clinical characteristics and systemic complications among COVID-19 patients isolated at Brak General Hospital in southern Libya. The study included a sample of 100 patients whose data were analyzed using a descriptive methodology with SPSS software. The findings revealed that males constituted the majority of cases (67%), and the most commonly reported symptoms were fever (89%), fatigue (79%), and dyspnea 74% Furthermore, 75% of patients had underlying chronic conditions, primarily diabetes and hypertension. A statistically significant correlation was identified between the number of comorbidities and the severity of complications, including increased rates of thrombotic events, respiratory and renal failure, and mortality. No significant association was found between patient gender and clinical outcomes. The study concluded with the recommendation to develop targeted diagnostic and treatment protocols for high-risk groups and to enhance isolation centers in resource-limited settings. It also emphasized the need to incorporate key clinical indicators such as coagulation status and renal function into the initial assessment of patients, and called for further region-specific epidemiological research.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Investigation of Expired Esomeprazole's Effectiveness as a Corrosion Inhibitor for Brass in Gabraun Water
This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Esomeprazole as an inhibitor for Brass corrosion in Gabraun water. Brass is an ideal alloy for transporting water through pipes and fittings and is also suitable for use in marine engines and pump parts. The tests were conducted at room temperature, using Gabraun water as the electrolyte. The weight loss method was employed, and both open and closed systems were used for the testing. Results indicated that the weights of all specimens, both with and without the inhibitor, decreased after the tests. The lowest corrosion rate recorded was 0.04139 cm/year for a specimen with an area of 8.545 cm² and an inhibitor amount of 1.5g. Importantly, the color of the Gabraun water did not change, which is attributed to the effect of the inhibitor. However, there was no significant difference in corrosion rates between the specimens tested with the inhibitor and those without it. This suggests that while Esomeprazole is not effective in reducing the corrosion rate of Brass, it does inhibit the reaction between copper (Cu) and sulfate (SO₄). Additionally, Gabraun water proved to be a corrosive medium when used as an electrolyte for Brass testing, which contrasts with the findings of the Langelier Saturation Index (LSI).
Design and Analysis of Massive MIMO Patch Antenna (8x8) In E band Application
A high-gain 8×8 massive MIMO microstrip patch antenna array operating in the E-band frequencies of 80 and 90 GHz was designed, simulated, and analyzed using CST Microwave Studio. The proposed array was fabricated on a Rogers RT/duroid ® 5880 substrate with a thickness of 0.254 mm, selected for its low dielectric loss, stable permittivity, and superior thermal reliability at millimeter- ave frequencies. A wave guide port feed network combined with inset feeding is employed to achieve efficient power distribution and optimal impedance matching across all elements. Simulation results demonstrate excellent performance, with a peak gain of 23.77 dBi, directivity of 24.44 dBi, and reflection coefficient (S11) of –29 dB, indicating strong impedance matching and high radiation efficiency. The proposed antenna exhibits robust structural and electromagnetic stability, making it a strong candidate for next-generation millimeter-wave applications such as high-capacity wireless backhaul, automotive radar, and 5G/6G communication systems.
Effect of Aspergillus Niger Fungal Filtrate on Germination Rate and Seedling Growth of Corn Grains and its Biological Control by Garlic Extracts
In the study, corn grains (Zea mays L.) were used to isolate associated fungi, which were randomly collected from some local markets in Misurata city. Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) was used as a nutrient medium. The results showed that five fungal genera were obtained, namely Aspergillus niger, Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium oxysporium, and Rhizopus sp. The results also showed the dominance of A. niger, with an appearance rate of 33.3% by direct isolation method compared to other fungal species. As for the effect of A. niger filtrate on the germination rate of treated corn grains, it was (10%) compared to the control, which was (96%). As for the effect of the filtrate on the root length, the treated corn grains had a diameter of (2.1 cm) and (1.8 cm), respectively, compared to the control, which was (13 cm) and (6.4 cm), respectively. This is due to the secretion of aflatoxins by the tested fungus A. niger, as shown by the results of our study. Regarding the biological resistance of the fungus with different garlic extracts (alcoholic, concentrated, and aqueous) on the PDA medium, the results showed an effective effect. The alcoholic extract was superior, with an inhibition rate of (78.94%) and an average growth rate of A. niger colony diameter of 1.6 cm. The concentrated extract followed with an inhibition rate of (59.07%) and an average growth rate of A. niger colony diameter of 3.11 cm. The least was the aqueous extract, with an inhibition rate of (51.18%) and a vegetative growth rate of 3.71 cm on the PDA medium, compared to the control, which was 7.6 cm for the tested fungus A. niger. As for the effect of Different garlic extracts on the dry and wet weight of A. niger on PDB medium, where the alcoholic extract also had the highest effect followed by the concentrate and the least of them was the aqueous extract with wet and dry weight (0.365, 0.045), (0.383, 0.119) and (1.458, 0.214) g/dry weight respectively compared to the control (4.461, 0.243) g/dry weight.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fuzia Eltariki, Nouri Al-Tajouri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Evaluating and Improving the Performance of the Main Traffic Intersection in Brack AlShatti City (Roundabout) Using SIDRA Intersection Software
This research aims to evaluate and improve the operational performance of the main intersection in Brack Al-Shatti city (Brack Roundabout), due to the severe traffic congestion, high delay levels, and low level of service (LOS) observed at this location, which negatively affects the overall efficiency of the city's transportation network. The study relied on the collection of accurate field data regarding traffic volumes and the geometric characteristics of the intersection, followed by analysis using the SIDRA Intersection software. This enabled a comprehensive assessment of key performance indicators such as degree of saturation, average delay, queue length, and level of service. Initial results showed that the roundabout (Brak Island) operates at or above its capacity, with very low levels of service reaching LOS F, especially during peak hours. Among the most effective improvements was the widening of approaches and the addition of new lanes at Brack Roundabout, which led to a significant performance improvement. The level of service increased from F to B, the average delay was reduced from 200.6 seconds to 14.5 seconds, and the degree of saturation decreased from 1.225 to 0.955 after the internal expansion of the roundabout. The results highlight the importance of adopting light and effective engineering solutions before resorting to complex traffic control systems, while integrating safety and infrastructure considerations into improvement plans. The study recommends the use of advanced analytical tools such as SIDRA Intersection for assessing the performance of urban intersections, conducting future traffic studies based on projected growth, and implementing an intelligent traffic monitoring system to ensure the sustainability of solutions and achieve maximum operational efficiency of the road network.
Hardware Implementation of Newton-Raphson Method for Nonlinear Stress Estimation
This research aims to develop and implement digital design for computing the uniaxial Cauchy stress of an internally balanced hyperelastic material using the Newton-Raphson (NR) iterative algorithm at a hardware level, such as Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) technology. FPGA technologies are semiconductor devices which provide a parallel processing technique essential for real-time systems when computational speed is critical. The NR algorithm is investigated based on FPGA to solve the internally balanced equation, which is developed at a high level of abstraction and then implemented using physical instruments to obtain actual data. The NR algorithm is programmed using VHDL language. Then, the design is simulated by ModelSim Intel program. The achieved results using hardware approach are compared with a MATLAB script to verify the functionality of the digital design. The digital system is fully implemented on the Cyclone V FPGA device using the Quartus Intel program. The accuracy and precision of the results obtained at the hardware level are acceptable, within the given threshold, depending on the data type representing the fractional number used for the computation, as well as the resources available, which depend on the FPGA technology used.
Multi-Class Classification of Skin Cancer Images Using a Deep Learning-Based Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)
Skin cancer is one of the most common and serious types of cancer, often resulting from the transformation of melanocytes due to excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Early diagnosis significantly improves survival rates and reduces mortality. However, traditional visual diagnosis faces challenges in distinguishing between the seven main categories of skin conditions due to visual similarities and data imbalance. This study aims to develop an automated diagnostic model based on a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to enhance classification accuracy and reduce reliance on human evaluation. The HAM10000 dataset (Human Against Machine with 10,000 Training Images), comprising 10,015 images across seven categories, was used, with class imbalance addressed through Random Oversampling. The data were split into 80% for training and 20% for testing, with 20% of the training set reserved for validation. The model was constructed using sequential Conv2D and MaxPooling layers for feature extraction, followed by Flatten and Dense layers for final classification. Training was performed with the Adam optimizer for adaptive weight adjustment and the Categorical Crossentropy loss function suitable for multi-class classification. The model achieved an overall accuracy of 95.45% and demonstrated strong performance across all categories based on Precision, Recall, and F1-Score, with Precision ranging from 84% to 99% and a weighted average of 96% for both Precision and F1-Score. These results highlight the proposed model’s clinical significance as an intelligent decision-support tool, enhancing early diagnosis, reducing human error, and improving healthcare quality.
Power and Carbon Footprint Evaluation and Optimization in Transitioning Data Centres
Data centers are among the largest consumers of energy and significant contributors to global carbon emissions. This paper presents a comparative evaluation of two mathematical energy consumption models—the linear and cubic models—within a simulated cloud data center environment using the CloudSim toolkit. Key performance indicators were analyzed, including total energy consumption, carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, cost, power usage effectiveness (PUE), carbon usage effectiveness (CUE), response time (latency), and packet loss, under varying workload conditions.The cubic model demonstrated greater sensitivity to workload fluctuations and more accurately captured the dynamics of energy consumption in high-utilization environments, while the linear model offered computational simplicity and conservative estimates. The integration of 50% renewable energy sources led to substantial reductions in both emissions and operational costs. Specifically, the linear model recorded a 33.3% reduction in CO₂ emissions, a 71.5% improvement in CUE, and a 15.4% decrease in cost, while the cubic model achieved a 33.3% reduction in CO₂ emissions, a 23.2% improvement in CUE, and a 24.6% decrease in operational cost—demonstrating the effectiveness of clean energy adoption without compromising system performance or service quality.
Performance Evaluation of the Encrypted Image Transmission System Over Optical Fiber Using OptiSystem Under Varying Channel Conditions
This paper presents the design, simulation, and performance analysis of an end-to-end optical communication link for encrypted grayscale-image transmission. Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is applied to encrypt the image in MATLAB and then convert a 256 × 256 image into a binary sequence, which is then injected into OptiSystem. for optical modulation and fiber-optic transmission. Three operating wavelengths) 810 nm, 1550 nm, and 1625 nm( are investigated over distances of 50 km, 80 km, 100 km, and 150 km under different dispersion and attenuation conditions. Both a conventional Optical Amplifier (OA) and an Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) are considered. The performance of the system is assessed through various metrics in the electrical domain, such as the Q-Factor and Bit Error Rate (BER), alongside image quality indicators like Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), Structural Similarity Index (SSIM), and Mean Squared Error (MSE). The results prove that the 1550 nm band yields error-free recovery (BER ≈ 10⁻¹⁷⁶, PSNR = 54 dB, SSIM = 1.0) under realistic single-mode-fiber parameters (α = 0.2 dB/km, D = 16 ps/nm/km). Conversely, heavy attenuation (α = 2.5 dB/km) and dispersion (D = 10 ps/nm/km) degrade performance severely, especially at 810 nm. The study highlights the importance of wavelength selection and dispersion management for secure image delivery and provides a reproducible methodology combining MATLAB and OptiSystem. Future research can extend this work by exploring adaptive dispersion compensation, forward error correction, and advanced modulation schemes
Evaluation of the Concentration of Some Heavy Metals in Some Fish Species
This study aimed to evaluate the concentration of iron (Fe), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), and chromium (Cr) in the tissue muscle of seven fish species samples collected from a local market of Sebha, including Sardina pilchardus, Scomber scombrus, Pagrus pagrus, Carangoides praeustus, Diplodus vulgaris, Boops Boops and Mullus barbatus, using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The results show that the concentrations of Fe, Cu, Ni, Pb, Cd, Zn, and Cr ranged from 1.17 to 7.87, 2.03 to 6.50, 1.43 to 4.00, 1.17 to 2.47, 1.43 to 9.33, 2.17 to 3.60, and 2.23 to 5.17 µg/g, respectively. dry weight, in descending order. The results show that the concentration of Fe, Cu, and Zn were within the permitted limits; however, the concentration of Ni, Pb, Cd, and Cr exceeded the allowed limits. The evaluation of metal sources in fish tissue was conducted using correlation analysis, the principal component analysis (PCA), and cluster analysis. The findings demonstrate that the presence of these contaminants is linked to human activities and the discharge of lubricants in fishing areas.
Using the Quality Control Chart to Evaluate the Quality of Some Biochemical Tests (Glucose and Creatinine) in Some Private Medical Laboratories in Brack Alshatti Area
Clinical chemistry laboratories play a critical role in healthcare, contributing to approximately 70% of medical decision-making through the provision of accurate and reliable test results. Given this significant impact, ensuring and continuously monitoring the analytical quality of these laboratories is essential. This study aimed to assess the analytical performance of selected biochemical parameters—namely, creatinine and glucose—in three private clinical laboratories located in the Brack Al-Shatti region, Libya. Quality assessment was conducted using Levey-Jennings control charts based on commercial quality control (QC) materials. Quality control charts were established for each laboratory, and performance was evaluated based on Westgard multirule criteria. The analysis revealed violations of the following rules: 12s (warning rule), as well as 13s and 22s (rejection rules), indicating potential analytical errors or imprecision in test procedures. Despite the long-standing integration of quality control principles in clinical laboratory practice, their application remains suboptimal in many local settings. The findings highlight the need for rigorous implementation of standardized internal quality control protocols, supported by continuous training and oversight, to ensure the reliability of diagnostic results and enhance patient safety.
Reliable and Robust Optimal Interleaved Boost Converter Interfacing PhotoVoltaic Generator
This article introduces a simple and reliable interleaved boost converter that interfacing photovoltaic (PV) generator. The PV generator is driven at Maximum Power Point (MPPT) via Perturb and Observe (P&O) algorithm. A simple control strategy based on a Proportional-Integral (PI) controller is advised to control the boost chopper and the PV generator. PI improves the dynamic performance, reduce the steady-state error, and increase the robustness against nonlinearities and parameter variations. The controller parameters are optimally tuned using the bio-inspired Goose Optimization Algorithm (GOA), which exhibits fast convergence and high efficiency in complex optimization tasks. The simulation studies corroborate the proposed ability of the system to maintain constant DC link voltage, accurately track current references, and achieve high power conversion efficiency under dynamic operating conditions.
Design of a Hybrid Renewable Energy System to Meet Housing Thermal Loads: Performance Evaluation Under Real Conditions of a House in Samno Region, Libya
Hybrid renewable energy systems (HRESs) offer promising prospects for meeting residential heat demand in Libya. This research proposes the design of a hybrid renewable energy system that incorporates solar thermal, biomass, and geothermal energy. The analysis is applied to a realistic residential load case located in the Samno region in southern Libya, taking advantage of the region's unique geography and climate. First, the optimal size of the system components is investigated based on Solargis climate data, biomass energy data, and residential heat load data. The system components are modeled and analyzed using SAM software with the help of Excel and Jupyter Notebook. The results show that the proposed hybrid system is capable of meeting residential heat demand, with an initial capital cost of approximately $3,027 and a levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of approximately $0.054/kWh. Furthermore, the system contributed to a reduction of 425 kg of carbon dioxide emissions annually. The results of this work are expected to open new horizons for researchers and planners of hybrid renewable energy systems and their use to reduce the increasing energy demand for thermal loads in urban and rural areas
Evaluation of the association between HbA1c and the Atherosclerosis Index of Plasma (AIP) in diabetic patients in Benghazi, Libya
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major metabolic disorder associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and the Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP) are key biomarkers linked to the progression of cardiovascular complications in diabetic patients. This study aims to evaluate the association between HbA1c and AIP in T2DM patients in Benghazi, Libya. A cross-sectional study was conducted at Al-Tariq Hospital in city of Benghazi in the period between February and June 2024, involving 292 T2DM patients. Blood sample were collected form the patients and analyzed for Fasting blood sugar(FBS), HbA1c, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoproteins (HDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and AIP was calculated (AIP = log10(TG/HDL-C). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, correlation analysis, and linear regression to assess the relationship between HbA1c and AIP. The findings revealed a moderate positive correlation between HbA1c and AIP (r=0.51, P<0.001), indicating that higher HbA1c levels are associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis. Significant gender differences were observed, with male patients exhibiting higher AIP values than females. Additionally, a positive correlation was found between HbA1c and TG as well very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), while an inverse correlationwas observed with HDL.This study demonstrates the critical role of optimal glycemic control in reducing cardiovascular risk among type 2 diabetes patients. Routine assessment of HbA1c and AIP is recommended as an essential component of comprehensive cardiovascular risk evaluation and prevention strategies.
Carbon Emissions Life Cycle Assessment of Cement Industry in Libya
The cement industry is experiencing rapid growth due to the swift urban expansion in various countries around the world, with global cement production reaching approximately 4.2 billion tons in 2024. The cement industry contributes about 44% of total CO2 missions in the industrial sector, which is estimated to account for around 30% of global emissions. This study aims to estimate CO2 missions throughout the life cycle of the cement industry in Libya by tracking CO2 emission sources in four cement production plants from the quarry stage to the demolition phase and waste transport to landfills. It also considers the additional amount of CO2 emissions from cement-exporting countries to the Libyan market (Egypt, Tunisia, and Turkey) during manufacturing and transportation processes. Including the CO2 emissions from imported cement within the total CO2 emissions of locally produced cement is a novel addition exclusive to this study, which has contributed to determining the true environmental cost of cement production in Libya. The results obtained indicate that the CO2 emission factor for the cement industry in Libya is approximately 1,083.60 kg CO2 per ton of cement consumed in Libya, a figure that is high compared to the global average of 0.798 tons CO2 per ton of cement, and is close to the emissions of some countries such as Egypt, South Africa, and Myanmar, which rely on traditional fuels for energy production in cement plants. The study also identified the contribution percentage of each stage of the cement industry life cycle to CO2 emissions. Additionally, the study presented some measures and strategies to reduce pollution and mitigate environmental damage.
First Record of Alysidiella Parasitica Causing Chocolate Leaf Spot on Eucalyptus Woodwardii in the Middle Region of Libya
The study was conducted at Al-Qardabiya nursery for forest production in the Sirte region in Libya during march 2022 to determine the causal agents of Eucalyptus woodwardii trees infected with Chocolate leaves spots diseases during March 2016, where the disease incidence reached 100% in all trees. Diseases severity observed in the upper eastern direction was 16%, and in the upper northern direction was 50%, while it was recorded under the trees and near the soil surface at 75%. Results of the microscopic isolation showed that parasitica Alysidiella anamorphic fungi Heteroconium sp pathogenic fungus was present in 80% of all the tested plant pieces, and was associated with Alternaria sp. in 20% of the tested samples cause Chocolate leaves spots diseases . The severity of infection leaves was recorded at 12% at the upper northern and eastern ends of the trees and 88% at the lower ends. The results of the field survey and the severity of the disease indicated a high sensitivity to the disease. This is the first report on the occurrence of parasitica Alysidiella pathogenic fungus in Libya.
Study and Comparison of Physical and Mechanical Properties of Highway Base Layer Materials from Different Sources
The construction of durable and safe highway infrastructure relies heavily on the mechanical properties of base course materials, such as strength and gradation. This study investigates base course materials from five different sources, aiming to evaluate their physical and mechanical properties. Laboratory tests, including sieve analysis, liquid and plastic limits, Proctor compaction, California Bearing Ratio (CBR), and Los Angeles abrasion tests, were conducted following ASTM standards. Results revealed significant differences among the samples: four samples met ASTM specification limits, with Los Angeles abrasion values ranging from 17.2% to 49.3% and CBR values between 75.6% and 182.8%. One sample failed to meet the grading and CBR criteria. These findings underscore the importance of thorough material testing to ensure road stability and longevity.
Base course physical and chemical testing
Numerical Solution of Natural Convection in Vertical Channels
A numerical study was conducted on a large vertical channel simulating passive solar air collector. The k– turbulence model, implemented using the PHOENICS software, was applied to a vertical channel measuring 1 m in height and 1 m in width. The channel was heated from one side by a uniform heat flux (UHF), representing the absorber plate, while the opposite side (glazing) remained unheated. Different heat inputs (Qin) and various aspect ratios (s/H) were tested. The governing equations, including turbulence transport equations, were solved using the finite volume method. Velocity profiles were determined to monitor the hydraulic development of airflow along the channel. Results showed that the average velocity increased with decreasing aspect ratio, while the mass flow rate increased with increasing aspect ratio. The Nusselt number - Nu(s) - and the Reynolds number - Re(s) - were used as the dimensionless heat transfer and air flow rate respectively were correlated against two independent variables, the modified Rayleigh number - Ra* - and aspect ratio - s/H. Various empirical correlations were derived of the airflow and heat transfer rate represented by Nu(s) and Re(s) respectively. Numerical results were validated against previous experimental data from the literature, showing good agreement.
Effectiveness of Calcium Hydroxide as an Alkaline Activator of Geopolymer Mortar
The construction industry is facing growing environmental challenges due to its heavy reliance on Portland cement, which accounts for approximately 8% of global CO₂ emissions and consumes substantial amounts of energy and natural resources. In light of these concerns, geopolymer technology has emerged as a promising and sustainable alternative. Geopolymers are inorganic binders formed by the alkaline activation of aluminosilicate-rich materials such as metakaolin, offering significantly lower carbon emissions and favorable physical and mechanical properties. This study investigates the effect of varying calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂) content on the physical and mechanical properties of geopolymer mortar produced from locally available metakaolin in southern Libya. Experimental mixes were prepared with different Ca(OH)₂-to-pozzolan ratios and tested for compressive strength, water absorption, apparent density, and porosity. The results showed a non-linear relationship between Ca(OH)₂ content and compressive strength. The optimal mixture contained 30% Ca(OH)₂, achieving compressive strengths of 16.76 MPa after 7 days and 20.65 MPa after 28 days. Higher Ca(OH)₂ contents led to decreased performance due to increased porosity and the presence of unreacted Ca(OH)₂. A strong inverse correlation was observed between compressive strength and both water absorption and porosity, highlighting the critical role of microstructural integrity.This study concludes that precise control of calcium hydroxide content enhances the pozzolanic reaction and improves both the mechanical strength and durability of geopolymer mortars. The findings provide valuable scientific data for the development of eco-friendly, cost-effective construction materials and support the global movement toward sustainable development, particularly in regions with abundant local raw materials such as southern Libya.
Prediction of Wind Energy Potential in Tajoura and Mislata Cities
Estimating the potential of wind energy is the first step on the path to transitioning to renewable and environmentally friendly energy sources. Therefore, it is essential to have information and knowledge about the availability of wind energy for each specific location. This study focuses on the wind energy and wind assessment in Tajoura city (1,2) and Mislata city (1,2) This paper first provides background information about wind power and its resource, including a review of available data, which are obtained from the representative meteorological stations. For each location, long term time series of 3-hourly measured wind data were used; the wind data has been recalculated to represent the actual wind speed at hub height. The mean wind speed, the Weibull distribution, annual energy and annual capacity factor are calculated for each site. The annual energy and annual capacity factor calculation are based on specification of wind turbine known as Vestas (V60- 850kW), This study indicates that wind energy is available in both Tajoura and Mislata have an acceptable power, annual energy and capacity factor.
Study and Analysis of Baseband Signal Using Eye Diagram
This study investigates a two-level baseband transmission system, emphasizing the effects of noise level and transmission rate on signal integrity. The Nyquist criterion for distortionless transmission is validated under varied conditions. An eye diagram is used to visualize the impacts of jitter, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and inter-symbol interference (ISI) on data quality. Results show that the eye opening narrows when transmission rates exceed the Nyquist limit, increasing bit error rate (BER). BER is computed using both the Gaussian distribution model and a hardware-based error counter. Findings confirm an exponential rise in BER as input noise increases, with a maximum BER of 0.02328 observed at 0 dB noise level. These results highlight the critical role of noise control and bandwidth constraints in baseband system performance.
The Effect of Metformin on Vitamin B12 in Type 2 Diabetes Patients in Wadi Etba Region, Southern Libya
Metformin is the first choice for the treatment of type 2 diabetes in the world, but with the long duration of therapy, it causes a decrease in the level of vitamin B12 in diabetic patients. Vitamin B12 deficiency is associated with many clinical symptoms that significantly impact the health of diabetic patients. This study aimed to know the effect of metformin on vitamin B12 in type 2 diabetes patients in the Wadi Etba region. This study was conducted during the period from 2023/3 to 2023/6. Data was collected using the questionnaire tool, using the descriptive analytical approach. A total of 100 individuals aged 18 to 80 were surveyed (43% males, 57% females). The study found that the most common dose of metformin was 500 mg, which was taken at a rate of 61%, the longest duration of use was 2–5 years at a rate of 34%, and the dose ranged between 500 and 2000 mg. The duration and dosage of metformin were associated with the emergence of symptoms: numbness in the extremities occurred first at 73%, followed by depression at 60%, retinopathy at 58%, and digestive disorders, changes in memory, neuropathy, and heart problems at 44%, 52%, and 56%, respectively. The results show a significant link between the duration of metformin use and numbness or tingling in extremities and a connection between dosage and neuropathy or memory changes. Metformin may also cause vitamin B12 deficiency symptoms. It is recommended that type 2 diabetes patients taking metformin monitor vitamin B12 levels and consider supplements.
Prevalence of Trichomona vaginalis Among Married Women Attending Some Private Clinics in Brack Alshatti, Libya
This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis among married women attending gynecological clinics in Brack Al-Shati area. The study included A total of 255 cases of which 255 vaginal swabs and 255 urine samples were collected in the period between January 2019 to March 2020. The targeted samples were subjected to direct microscopic for parasite presence. The vaginal swabs were also examined by staining with Wright Giemsa staining technique. Of overall samples examined 30 (11.8%) were infected with the parasite by using direct examination of vaginal swabs, and 5 (2.0%) samples out of 255 urine samples were infected with the parasite. Highest infection rate (13.3%) was reported in the age group 18-28 years. The results showed that about 45.5% of pregnant women were infected with the parasite, and this was statistically significant when compared to non-pregnant (P<0.05). Women who had a miscarriage recorded increased infection (15.6%) over those who do not experience miscarriage. The majority of the infected cases were coincided with one or more symptoms of infection, and the most common symptoms were vaginal discharge (19.1%). The results showed a significant correlation between infection with the parasite and the presence of vaginal discharge (P<0.001). The results also showed strong correlation between the infection and presence of epithelial cells (P<0.05). Infection was accompanied by raise in the pH of the vaginal environment (7>) with a strong significant correlation between the infection and pH of vagina. The current study showed that trichomoniasis is common among women in the study region. Due to the similarity of the clinical symptoms of trichomoniasis with other sexually transmitted diseases, laboratory tests are necessary to confirm the infection. Given the adverse effects of infection, especially in pregnant women, it is important to take the necessary measures to reduce the spread of infection with the parasite and other sexually transmitted diseases.
Removing Powerline Interference Noise from Electrocardiogram (ECG) Signal
The electrocardiogram (ECG) is regarded as an essential diagnostic tool, as it serves as a representation of the cardiac electrical activity and is extensively employed in the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases, as well as in assessing the overall health of the heart. ECG signals yield critical insights into the functional condition of the heart and its associated parameters; however, these signals are frequently vulnerable to distortion caused by various types of noise. Such noise includes powerline interference, baseline wandering, electromyographic noise (EMG noise), and artifacts resulting from electrode movement. Powerline interference is characterized by a 50 Hz frequency component, and its amplitude typically constitutes 50% of the peak-to-peak amplitude of the ECG signal. This interference predominantly arises from electromagnetic disturbances associated with power lines. The objective of this study is to process the ECG signal utilizing MATLAB. We employed a Notch filter for the initial preprocessing of the signal and applied two families of wavelets, namely Symlets and Biorthogonal wavelets, to mitigate the impact of powerline interference on the ECG signal. Subsequently, we compared the efficacy of these wavelet families in the signal processing framework by evaluating the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and the Signal Correlation Value (SCV). The findings demonstrated that the Biorthogonal wavelet family outperformed the others, as the application of the Biorthogonal wavelet 2.4 resulted in a Signal-to-Noise Ratio of SNR=20.2553 dB and a Signal Correlation Value of SCV=0.9956.
Internally Balanced Spatial Elasticity tensor
An ongoing research has applied arguments of calculus of variations to the portions of the deformation gradient multiplicative decomposition. This internally balanced treatment has a condensed material elasticity tensor that is formulated in terms of decomposed principal stretches. This work provides an explicit formulation to determine the condensed spatial elasticity tensor. The explicit formulation introduces an alternative procedure that is equivalent to pushing forward of the condensed material elasticity tensor. A demonstration is presented using an internal balance logarithmic constitutive model. A case study of simple shearing verifies the correctness of the new formulation.
Effect of Mixing Ratios Using Local Pozzolana as a Partial Cement Replacement on Plastic Cracking in Cement Mortar
Premature cracking during the plasticization stage is an undesirable phenomenon in concrete, causing subsequent problems in the durability and structural performance of structures. The term "plastic shrinkage cracking" is used to describe cracks that form in concrete between the moment of pouring and the moment of setting. The objective of this research is to investigate the effect of different mixing ratios and the use of pozzolana as a partial cement replacement, in addition to the effect of water-to-cement ratios on the formation of plastic shrinkage cracks, particularly in hot and dry environments with high evaporation rates. Experiments were conducted on cement mortar mixes with water-to-cement ratios of 0.45, 0.60, and 0.80, and with pozzolana replacement ratios of 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%. The results showed that increasing the water-to-cement ratio significantly increased plastic shrinkage cracking, especially in reference plots, while adding pozzolana at a rate of 10% helped reduce cracking and improve the cohesion of the mixture. As the pozzolana ratio increased to 20% and 30%, a slight increase in cracking was observed, indicating that higher than the ideal ratio may lead to adverse results. The study recommends using 15% pozzolana as a partial cement replacement to achieve the best balance between reducing cracking and improving concrete performance in harsh environmental conditions.
The Prevailing Saline Composition in Some Soils of the Southwestern Regions of Libya
The study was conducted in the southwestern region of Libya. Five soil profiles were selected from the salinity-affected area: Wanzerik and Ashkada in Wadi Al-Shati, Al-Jadid in Sabha, and Al-Hamra and Bint Bay in Wadi Al-Hayat. Twenty samples were collected, four samples from each profile according to the pedological change of the soil. After conducting chemical analyses of the samples, the average quality of the dominant salts in the soil profile was determined according to Al-Zubaidi's method, by linking the different ions that make up the salts with each other so that the least soluble salt dominates first, then the most soluble, in order (carbonate salts, bicarbonates, sulfates, chlorides, and finally nitrate salts) respectively. The results showed that the soil of the region contains high concentrations of salinity reaching (22.62 dS/m) at a depth of 20-45 cm in the Bint Bayah area, and that the saline composition of the salts prevailing in the soil of the region in general, sodium chloride salts, which are characterized by their high solubility, were the most widespread in all the soil of the region, especially the Bint Bayah and Wanzarik soils, which are (66.69-63.16 mmEq/L), respectively, followed by calcium bicarbonate salts, which are less soluble in water, the highest percentage was in the Bint Bayah soil, where it reached 32.10 mmEq/L. As for the medium-soluble calcium sulfate salts, the highest percentage was in the Wanzarik and Bint Bayah soils, which were (31.3-24.52 mmEq/L), respectively. And the medium-soluble magnesium sulfate salts. The highest percentage was in the soil of Bint Bayh and the soil of Wanzariq, reaching (32.79-13.38 milliequivalents/liter), respectively. As for the remaining salts in the soil, they may be present in small or non-existent percentages in the soil of the region. The results of this research can be relied upon in making decisions related to agricultural planning in the study area, as well as future land reclamation projects in southwestern Libya.
High-Pressure Compression, Liquefaction and Metal Hydrides for Hydrogen Storage
Hydrogen storage involves the safe and efficient containment of hydrogen. Hydrogen storage is highly essential due to hydrogen's potential as a clean, green energy source that can enhance the utilization of energy derived from renewable resources. However, due to high flammability of hydrogen, its storage possess some challenges regardless of the storage method employed. To contribute to the existing literature and deepen the understanding of hydrogen storage methods, this review paper briefly examines the use of high-pressure hydrogen compression, hydrogen liquefaction and metal hydrides for hydrogen storage. The findings from the reviewed work suggest that each process comes with its own set of advantages and disadvantages regarding storage density, safety, energy requirements and more. Overall; however, the benefits outweigh the drawbacks. Effective hydrogen storage is crucial for the utilization of hydrogen across various applications, playing a crucial role in the decarbonization of associated sectors.
Disease Detection from Real Clinical Data Using Hadoop MapReduce: A Case Study at Al- Mukhtar Clinic, Tripoli
This paper investigates the application of Hadoop MapReduce for analyzing large-scale clinical data in the context of cardiovascular risk prediction. Utilizing a dataset comprising over 500,000 real-world medical records collected from Al-Mukhtar Clinic in Tripoli, the research implements a distributed analytical pipeline that integrates Hadoop MapReduce with the Spark tool, in addition to machine learning algorithms such as K-means and K-Medoids clustering, hierarchical clustering, and decision trees, was used to identify patterns and classify patients. . The proposed system achieved a data processing efficiency of 92% and a predictive accuracy of 89% for cardiovascular conditions. Additionally, the integration of advanced analytics led to a 15% improvement in diagnostic accuracy over conventional methods. The architecture demonstrated scalability, fault tolerance, and operational resilience, making it particularly suitable for healthcare environments with limited computational resources. These findings highlight the potential of datadriven methodologies to enhance clinical decision-making and public health outcomes in resourceconstrained settings.
The Impact of Loss of Power Supply Probability on Design and Performance of Wind/ Pumped Hydropower Energy Storage Hybrid System
Hybrid renewable energy systems is broadly adopted because they are eco- friendly systems. The general electric grid in Libya has suffered from shortage during the recent years . However , Libya has formidable opportunities for investment in clean energy .Their wind energy resources are promising. The southern region of Libya has demonstrated the viability of utilizing pumped hydroelectric and wind energy for electricity generation, thereby addressing the deficit and strengthening the resilience of the public grid. In this study, hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) consists of 432 MW of wind energy farm and 10782 MWh of pumped hydropower system has been designed, analyzed and optimized to meet a demand of 590,019 MWh. The decision to design these systems is strongly affected by energy prices and pollution. The impact of the Loss Power Supply Probability (LPSP) and the cost of CO2 emissions on the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) is loss discussed